Common Linux commands

BASIC LINUX COMMANDS :

1. tty - reveals the current terminal

2. whoami - reveals the currently logged-in user

3. which - reveals where in the search path a program is located

4. echo - prints to the screen

 a. echo $PATH - dumps the current path to STDOUT

 b. echo $PWD - dumps ths contents of the $PWD variable

 c. echo $OLDPWD - dumps the most recently visited directory

5. set - prints and optionally sets shell variables

6. clear - clears the screen or terminal

7. reset - resets the screen buffer

8. history - reveals your command history

 a. !690 - executes the 690th command in our history

 b. command history is maintained on a per-user basis via:

  ~/.bash_history

~ = users's $HOME directory in the BASH shell

9. pwd - prints the working directory

10. cd - changes directory to desired directory

 a. 'cd ' with no options changes to the $HOME directory

 b. 'cd ~' changes to the $HOME directory

 c. 'cd /' changes to the root of the file system

 d. 'cd Desktop/' changes us to the relative directory 'Desktop'

 e. 'cd ..' changes us one-level up in the directory tree

 f. 'cd ../..' changes us two-levels up in the directory tree

11. Arrow keys (up and down) navigates through your command history

12. BASH supports tab completion:

 a. type unique characters in the command and press 'Tab' key

13. You can copy and paste in GNOME terminal windows using:

  a. left button to block

  b. right button to paste OR Ctrl-Shift-v to paste

14. ls - lists files and directories

 a. ls / - lists the contents of the '/' mount point

 b. ls -l - lists the contents of a directory in long format:

 Includes: permissions, links, ownership, size, date, name

 c. ls -ld /etc - lists properties of the directory '/etc', NOT the contents of '/etc'

 d. ls -ltr - sorts chronologically from older to newer (bottom)

 e. ls --help - returns possible usage information

 f. ls -a - reveals hidden files. e.g. '.bash_history'

Note: files/directories prefixed with '.' are hidden. e.g. '.bash_history'

15. cat - catenates files

 a. cat 123.txt - dumps the contents of '123.txt' to STDOUT

 b. cat 123.txt 456.txt dumps both files to STDOUT

 c. cat 123.txt 456.txt > 123456.txt - creates new catenated file

16. mkdir - creates a new directory

 a. mkdir testRH5 - creates a 'testRH5' directory

17. cp - copies files

 a. cp 123.txt testRH5/

By default, 'cp' does NOT preserve the original modification time

 b. cp -v 456.txt testRH5/

18. mv - moves files

 a. mv 123456.txt testRH5/ - moves the file, preserving timestamp

19. rm - removes files/directories

 a. rm 123.txt

 b. rm -rf 456.txt - removes recursively and enforces

20. touch - creates blank file/updates timestamp

 a. touch test.txt - will create a zero-byte file, if it doesn't exist

 b. touch 123456.txt - will update the timestamp

 c. touch -t 200801091530 123456.txt - changes timestamp

21. stat - reveals statistics of files

 a. stat 123456.txt - reveals full attributes of the file

22. find - finds files using search patterns

 a. find / -name 'fstab'

Note: 'find' can search for fields returned by the 'stat' command

23. alias - returns/sets aliases for commands

 a. alias - dumps current aliases

 b. alias copy='cp -v'